Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Krenák group (Macro-Jê family).

Languages included: Krenák [knk-kre].

DATA SOURCES

I. Krenák

Main sources:

Silva 1986 = Silva, Thais Cristófaro Alves da. 1986. Descrição fonética e análise de alguns processos fonológicos da língua Krenák. (MA thesis.) Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. // An extensive description of Krenák phonetics and phonology. A few sample sentences are found.

Silva 1987 = Silva, Thaís Cristófaro Alves da. 1987. Um problema na análise fonológica dos segmentos vocálicos em Krenák. DELTA 3(2): 183-195. // A short work on the phonology of Krenák. No sample sentences are found.

Pessoa 2012 = Pessoa, Katia Nepomuceno. 2012. Análise fonética e fonológica da língua Krenak e abordagem preliminar de contos Botocudo. (PhD thesis.) Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas. // A description of Krenák phonology. Some data collected by Genrikh Manizer and Lucy Seki, including sentences and texts, are quoted.

Seki 2004 = Seki, Lucy. 2004. Aspectos da Morfossintaxe Krenak: Orações Independentes. Línguas Indígenas Americanas 4: 129-146. // A description of the basics of Krenák.

Seki 2002 = Seki, Lucy. 2002. O Krenak (Botocudo / Borum) e as línguas Jê. In: Santos, Ludoviko Carnasciali dos; Ismael Pontes (orgs.). Línguas Jê: estudos vários, pp. 15-40. Londrina: Editora da UEL. // A paper whose main purpose is to demonstrate the genetic relation between Krenák and Jê languages. Some Krenák words are cited.

Auxiliary sources:

Semeghini-Siqueira & Rodrigues 2010 = Semeghini-Siqueira, Idméa; Lívia de Araújo Donnini Rodrigues (orgs.). 2010. Vocabulário bilíngue: Krenak – Português. São Paulo: Secretaria de Estado da Educação de São Paulo, Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo. // A vocabulary of Krenák. The transcription system is highly inconsistent.

Monteiro 1948 = Monteiro, Claro. 1948. Vocabulário Português-Botocudo. (Organization, preface and notes by M. de L. de Paula Martins.) Boletim do Museu Paulista, Documentação Lingüística 2. // An annotated vocabulary of the Krenák variety spoken by Nak-Nhapmã.

Silva 1924 = Silva, Antonio Carlos Simoens da. 1924. A "tribu dos indios Crenaks" (Botocudos do Rio Doce). Annaes do XX Congresso Internacional de Americanistas (realizado no Rio de Janeiro, de 20 a 30 de agosto de 1922) 1: 61-84. // A report on the Krenák indigenous group, including a wordlist with Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, German, English and French glosses.

Estigarribia 1934 = Estigarribia, Antonio. 1934. Indios do Rio Dôce. Revista do Instituto Historico e Geografico do Espirito Santo 7: 12-52. // A report on the indigenous people of the Doce River valley, including short wordlists of three co-dialects: Krenák (Crenac), Požiča (Pogichá/Aran ãa/Potua) and Mutum. Only the Krenák variety was taken into account here.

NOTES

I. Krenák.

Krenák is a moribund underdocumented language historically spoken in regions adjacent to the valley of the Doce River in southeastern Brazil.

The transcription used here is based on Silvaʼs [1986] analysis of Krenák phonology. Sekiʼs and Pessoaʼs data and analyses are sometimes divergent. For example, in Silvaʼs data vowels are consistently nasalized before nasal codas (like in ⁿbɾõŋ 'road'), whereas Seki and Pessoa often display variants with an oral vowel and a post-nasalized oral coda (ⁿbɾogⁿ). In such cases I transcribe an oral vowel and a nasal coda (ⁿbɾoŋ), except when the coda is clearly a suffix attached to a root that already contains a nasal vowel (like in nĩ-ŋ). I also transcribe oral vowels in the position before a heterosyllabic nasal consonant, where they can be optionally nasalized. Another important difference is the presence of the vowel ɨ in Sekiʼs and Pessoaʼs recordings. I follow Silva in transcribing ǝ, u or i, depending on the word.

No pre-1980 work offers a reliable scientific transcription of the data, but since Krenák lacks thorough documentation, earlier data are often useful for our purposes.

UTS	Silva 1986	Notes
p	p
t	t
č	tʃ
k	k, kʷ
kʸ	k'	Allophone of k; not attested in Sekiʼs and Pessoaʼs works but agrees well with external data.
b	b	Allophone of p after nasals, appears as voiceless in older works.
d	d	Allophone of t after nasals, appears as voiceless in older works.
ǯ	dʒ	Allophone of č after nasals, appears as voiceless in older works.
g	g	Allophone of k after nasals, appears as voiceless in older works.
gʸ	g'	Allophone of k after nasals, appears as voiceless in older works.
ⁿb	mb
ⁿd	nd
ⁿǯ	ndʒ
ⁿg	ŋg
m	m
n	n
ɲ	ɲ
ŋ	ŋ
m̊	m̥
n̊	n̥
ɲ̊	ɲ̥	Allophone of ŋ̊.
ŋ̊	ŋ̥
w	w
ɾ	r
y	y
ž	ʒ	Allophone of y.
x	X	Transcribed as h by Seki and Pessoa.
ʔ	ʔ	Word-final ʔ is automatic and is not rendered in UTS.
a	a
ǝ	ǝ	Transcribed as ɨ by Seki and Pessoa in some words.
e	ɛ
i	i, i̙
o	ɔ
u	u, u̘
ǝ̃	ã̝, ǝ̃
ẽ	ɛ̃, ɛ̝̃
ĩ	ĩ, ĩ̙
õ	ɔ̃, ɔ̝̃
ũ	ũ, ũ̘

Database compiled and annotated by: André Nikulin (September 2017).